The central event of our project is the Protestant Reformation.
The Protestant Reformation is the religious separation movement from the Catholic Church occurred in the 16th century. The cornerstones of the movement are described in the "Ninety-Five Theses" document, whose publication in 1517 also marks the beginning of the revolution itself. The heart of the event consists in a protest against the sale of indulgences, the corruption and the lack of adherence to the evangelical message by the Catholic Church.
Lutheranism and Calvinism are the main currents of the movement, taking their names and principles from their pioneers, Martin Luther and John Calvin.

The central Entity EVENT has relationships with all the other entities:

• The edge between EVENT and CONCEPT is labeled with “resultedIn” to show that the Reformation resulted in 2 branches of Christianity which are Lutheranism and Calvinism.
• The interactions between EVENT and PERSON are labeled as “carriedOutBy” and “HasAgent”. The first label “carriedOutBy” point out key figures that embodied the Protestant Reformation: Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Pope Leo X. The second label “HasAgent” labeling people that can be related in different ways to EVENT entity.
• The relationship between EVENT and ARTIFACT is labeled with “referencedIn” to link those artifacts that make references to the idea of Protestant Reformation.
• The edge between EVENT and PLACE is labeled with “tookPlaceIn” to present the Wittenberg where the Protestant Reformation took place in.

To describe the central idea of the project, the Protestant Reformation, we have collected 11 items, mixing artifacts from:

• Archives: a photograph, a document;
• Libraries: two prints, three books, a monograph, a broadsheet, a sound recording;
• Museums: a painting, a medal.

For a better description of the chosen items, see the next section (ITEMS).

• The relationship between ARTIFACT Entity and PLACE Entity is labeled with “hasbeenIn” to present the physical presence of artefacts in Nuremberg.
• The interaction between ARTIFACT Entity and PERSON Entity has label “isCreatedBy” to represent people involved in the creation of the artifacts.

The Concept entity depicts the two prominent religious movements that arised from the Protestant Reformation: Lutheranism and Calvinism.

• We could say that the birth of Lutheranism as a concept and as a branch of Christianity occurred simultaneously with the beginning of the Protestant Reformation. In 1521, with the Edict of Worms - a few years after the 95 Theses publishment -, Lutherans and Catholics officially splitted into two different beliefs.
  The main points of the division were primarily two:
  • the so-called formal principle, according to which Lutheranism did not see the Church (represented by the Pope) as the main source of authority for doctrine, but the Bible itself;
  • following the Holy Scriptures as the sole authority, the Lutherans abolished many liturgical practices typical of Catholicism, maintaining only the Eucharist and of the Lord's Supper;
  The creed of Lutheranism could be summarized in this sentence, which contains the founding five solae:
  “Based on Scripture alone, we affirm that justification is by grace alone, through faith alone, because of Christ alone, and all to the glory of God alone”.
• As long as Lutheranism, the Calvinism has to be considered the other major branch of Protestantism. Pioneered by the pastor and theologian John Calvin, this creed - also known as Reformed Protestantism - has predestination and election as core doctrines. Those principles, together with the rejection of the principle of consubstantiation in the Eucharistic liturgy, constitute not only the difference between Calvinism and Catholicism, but also a detachment from Lutheranism. In fact, the concept of Calvinism, although it presents several internal currents of thought, it differs in many points from Lutheranism, with which it shares only the principle of sola scriptura and the protest against the Catholic tradition.

The CONCEPT Entity has relationship with the ARTIFACT Entity which is expressed by “representedThrough” label that connect Lutheranism and Calvinism to the set of ARTIFACT Entity.

The core of our project is the Protestant Reformation event, which has had numerous public figures as participants. Among these, we decided to present three of the most important ones, namely those who seemed us more representative of the various currents of the movement, both as supporters and as opponents.
For their prominent role in this historic religious dispute, we focused on Martin Luther, John Calvin and Pope Leo X.

• Martin Luther was a German professor of theology and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation.
  The reason why we have chosen to present him as the first entity among the PERSON category is that his figure - as it is shown in our conceptual mapping - is directly connected with the main and only event of our project, the Protestant Reformation, of which he was the absolute pioneer. He is, in fact, the author of "Ninety-Five Theses", an academic discussion of the practice and inefficacy of indulgences, and the translator of the entire New Testament in German ("Septembertestament"), both documents that had a lot of influence over the Reformation itself. Those documents are considered as the representation of the fundamental principles of the Lutheran creed and the Protestant Reformation in general, as well as having inspired many subsequent theologians. Furthermore, for these reasons, while presenting ‘Martin Luther’, we kept in mind not only his occupation as ‘theolog’ but also his academic career at the University of Wittenberg and his contributions to the translation field.

• John Calvin was a French theologian, a pastor and one of the main characters of the Protestant Reformation. He was also a religious theorist and the principal figure in the development of the later called Calvinist movement, as it can be deduced from his monograph “Institutio christianae religionis”, described in our project.
  The reason why we chose to present John Calvin is that he got inspired after reading Martin Luther’s documents and, as a result, he wrote his paper to support the Protestant Reformation.

• Pope Leo X was a powerful member of the Medici family. His papacy began in 1513, a few years before the Protestant Reformation started. Pope Leo X is historically associated with granting indulgences for those who donated money to reconstruct St. Peter's Basilica, a practice that was soon challenged by Martin Luther's "Ninety-Five Theses".
  The reason why we chose to represent him as one of the main characters in our project is that we wanted to illustrate our event from different points of view. In our case, the Catholic Church - of which Pope Leo X was representative and chief at that time - was in opposition to the Reformed one. This contrasting position was demonstrated by the "Bulla contra errores Martini Lutheri" - which is an item examined in our project - written in 1521 by the Pope himself. Within the document, the Pope declared Luther's thought officially heretic and threatened him with excommunication, in case he wouldn’t retract his statements. The greatest detachment between such a document and those published by Martin Luther lies in the language used: while the latter always wrote in German so that common people could understand, the Pope still maintained the traditional use of the Latin language.

Eventually, we included the Place entity, linked to the Artifact and to the Event: we wanted, in fact, to analyze in depth the place of creation and the current location of our artifacts, as well as the most important places of the Protestant Reformation, Wittenberg and Nuremberg:

• Wittenberg is the first city that comes to mind when it comes to the Protestant Reformation since it played a crucial role in Reformation history. The small town of 50.000 inhabitants in the state of Saxony-Anhalt was the place where Martin Luther posted the ’95 Theses’ to the Castle Church’s door which marked the starting point for significant changes. What is more, Martin Luther worked at the University of Wittenberg. UNESCO recognized the importance of both the Castle Church making it the World Heritage in 1996.
• For Martin Luther, Nuremberg was 'the eyes and ears of Germany'. The city was a 'media center', a hub to 21 printing houses, which helped to rapidly spread the messages of the Reformation. Nuremberg is the city which helped Luther ideas go “viral”. In particular, in December 1517 printed editions of the theses, in the form of pamphlets and broadsheets, appeared simultaneously in several Nuremberg helped quickly reach a wide audience.
  “They are printed and circulated far beyond my expectation,” wrote Martin Luther in March 1518 to a publisher in Nuremberg who had published a German translation of the theses.

We didn't link this entity to the CONCEPT entity due to its abstractness, and we didn't connect it to the PERSON one because we decided not to focus ourselves on the deepening on birthplaces and deathplaces of our people (such as Einsleben, regarding Martin Luther, Florence or Noyon).

This item is the physical representation of the "Ninety-Five Theses", or "Disputation on the Power of Indulgences" (from Latin "Disputatio pro declaratione virtutis indulgentiarum"), document against the corruption of the Christian Church and in favor of the free, direct relation between God and humans. It is written in the form a list of propositions for an academic disputation written in 1517 by Martin Luther, professor of moral theology at the University of Wittenberg, Germany. The date of publishment of this document is conventionally considered the beginning of the Protestant Reformation as an historical movement.
They arised from Luther's positions against what he saw as the abuse of the practice of clergy selling plenary indulgences, which were certificates believed to reduce the temporal punishment in purgatory for sins committed by the purchasers or their loved ones.

The "Septembertestament" is the first translation of the "New Testament" in German, made by Martin Luther himself in 1522. Its name comes from the month of the print, in Wittenberg, by Melchior Lotter.
We decided to include this item in our project because it represents the spirit of the Protestant Reformation, which wanted to make Christianity accessible to everyone, not only for the Latin speaker.
The translation of the Testament represents thus an attempt to make this document understandable by common people.
As it has been a huge step for the linguistic purposes and as Martin Luther was a professor in the University of Wittenberg and this document was published in the same place, we have thought of it as an important item because Wittenberg is an ‘entity’ in our LOD project.

This painting is an allegorical composite group of eighty men and one woman (recognized as the Queen Elizabeth I of England) prominent in the Protestant Reformation.
We considered this item important for our project since it can be considered as a manifest of the movement and of the wide spread that it also took among royals.

This item is taken from Library of Congress, which uses Dublin Core.
The item is reachable here

“Gli effetti della Riforma Protestante” is a text extracted from the italian journal“Rassegna di Cultura”, published during the 1940s.
It has been included in our project as a summary of the effects that the Protestant Reformation has had on society and politics.
It is also a proof of the spread of the event not only in Germany but also in other countries because ‘place’ for our project is important as shown in the E/R Model.
This item is taken from Cultura Italia, which uses PICO as metadata standard.
The digitization of the item can be seen here.

The “Bulla contra errores Martini Lutheri et sequacium”, also known as “Exurge Domine” (latin name for "Arise, O Lord"), is a papal bull promulgated on 15 June 1520 by Pope Leo X. It was written in response to the teachings of Martin Luther which opposed the views of the Catholic Church. It censured forty one propositions extracted from Luther's Ninety-five Theses and subsequent writings, and threatened him with excommunication.
In respose, Martin Luther, on 10 December 1520, sixty days after he had received a copy of this bull, tossed a copy of the bull into the flames, in Wittenberg.
We chose to include this item in our project because it provides a different view of the Reformation. As one of the mission of this project is to provide information about an historical event, we have agreed on representing the different views of it. The Catholic Church point of view, in this case.

The "Institutes of the Christian Religion" (from latin: "Institutio Christianae Religionis") is John Calvin's seminal work of systematic theology and one of the most influential works of Protestant theology. It was published in Latin in 1536 and it vigorously attacked the teachings of those Calvin considered unorthodox, particularly Roman Catholicism, to which Calvin says he had been "strongly devoted" before his conversion to Protestantism.
Since Calvin was one of the main supporters of the Protestant Reformation - and in particular the founder of the Calvinist movement - we decided to include this document in our project. In fact, Calvinism is a concept in our model and we have thought that this item suits best for the representation of Calvinism.
Moreover, since the text contains an introductory explanation of the Protestant faith. So, through our E/R Model, we illustrated that the event (Protestant Reformation) has a relationship with the related concept (Calvinism).

This item is taken from Cultura Italia and the institution uses PICO standard as metadata standard.
This item can be seen here.

This 1917 photograph represents the Reformation stone that was set up for the 400th anniversary of the "Ninety-Five Theses" by Martin Luther. The stone is situated in Dresden and is made in sandstone, a sedimentary rock composed of sand-size grains of mineral. On it is engraved the Luther rose, or Luther seal, a widely recognized symbol for Lutheranism, designed by Martin Luther ("[The] heart should stand in the middle of a white rose, to show that faith gives joy, comfort, and peace. In other words, it places the believer into a white, joyous rose, for this faith does not give peace and joy like the world gives. That is why the rose should be white and not red, for white is the color of the spirits and the angels"¹).
We opted for this memorial artifact to present the importance of Reformation ideas years later in a more modern time for our contemporaries.

¹Luther, Martin. Luther's Works. 55 Volumes. Various translators. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House; Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1957-1986. CD-ROM edition, 2001.

We have found this item on Europeana Collections, which uses EDM .
This item is taken from here.

“Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott” ("A Mighty Fortress Is Our God") is a chorale cantata for Reformation Day by Johann Sebastian Bach. Bach wrote this cantata for Reformation Day, celebrated annually on 31 October. In composing this work, Bach reused an earlier cantata, "Alles, was von Gott geboren" and also the second stanza of Luther's original hymn for the closing chorale. In the passage "Mit unser Macht ist nichts getan" (“With our might nothing is done”), Luther emphasized the impotence of man, as a sinner, without the hand of God.
Therefore it seemed important for us to include this composition, because it represents part of the Lutheran creed.
We have taken this item from Europeana Collections, which uses EDM ontology to describe metadata.
This item is taken from here. Below, you can directly listen to it.

This broadsheet depicts the early Reformation of the Christian Church as a prophetic dream of Friedrich III, who was a political protector of Martin Luther. In one corner of the artifact, Luther receives true insight in the form of a shower of words pouring down from God. In another, he offers his work to the Elector Frederick. Luther is also depicted writing on a church door with an enormously long pen (i.e. "giant quill"), which emphasises the importance of the written word to Protestants, as opposed to images which were popular in the Catholicism.

We decide to include this item to our list to broaden the allegorical spectrum of references to the Reformation depicted in art.
The item is taken from Google Arts & Culture provided by Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. CIDOC-CRM is used for the metadata description.
This item can be seen here

"Verdammnis und Erlösung" ("Law and Gospel" or "Law and Grace") is one of the thematically linked, allegorical panel paintings by Lucas Cranach the Elder from about 1529. The painting illustrates the Lutheran ideas of salvation and represents didactic illustrations of Christian doctrine. The "wings" on the left and right of the paintings illustrate the Protestant concept of Law and Gospel, which emphasizes salvation through the forgiveness of sins.
Since Cranach was inspired by his lifelong friend Martin Luther when designing these panels, we put this item to represent the influence of the Reformation in the field of art.

This item is taken from Museum-digital (Das Schlossmuseum Gotha); the institution uses LIDO. The documentary about LIDO can be found here.
For item visualization: here.

This medal of silver is catalogued on Europeana with the title "Medaille auf Martin Luther und die Reformation 1839". The artifact was in fact created in occasion of the 200th Anniversary of the Reformation. It depicts on one side the half-lenght portrait of Martin Luther with the inscription in capital letters "Doctor Martin Luther", and on the other side a crucified Jesus Christ.

We chose the item to reflect the concept of Reformation in time and in the everyday life.
We have taken this item from Europeana Collections, which uses EDM ontology.
This item is taken from here.